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Food writer Eve M. Tai notes that the romanizations (i.e. Chinese words spelled in the Roman alphabet) aren't helpful for non-Chinese speakers; the words are still in Chinese (Tai 23-24). [DESCRIPTION OF PHOTO WITH ROMANIZED SIGN]

Tai, Eve M. "Roadtrip to Chinatown." Gastronomica 8.2 (2008): 22-25. Print.

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 * Chinese restaurants in North America often serve food that appeals to locals rather than Chinese people. For example, chop suey was invented in California for American tastes (Lin 175).**


 * Lin, Jan. //The power of urban ethnic places: cultural heritage and community life//. New York, NY: Routledge, 2011. Print.**

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 * Victoria Beltrano, University of Waterloo scholar, notes that sidewalk vendors assert their "right to the city," a term borrowed from urban theorist Henri Lefebvre (Beltrano 42). [DESCRIPTION OF STREET VENDOR PHOTO HERE]**


 * Beltrano, Victoria. "Informal Publics." The Canadian Architect 54.3 (2009): 42. Print.**

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According to the 1881 census, there were only 10 Chinese people in Toronto (Lai 50). According to the 2006 census, there were 283,075 Chinese people in Toronto ("Release of the 2006 Census on Ethnic Origin and Visible Minorities").

Lai, Chuen. //Chinatowns towns within cities in Canada//. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1988. Print.

//Release of the 2006 Census on Ethnic Origin and Visible Minorities//. Toronto, 2006. Online. 

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 * After the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway, many Chinese people from British Columbia and China immigrated to Ontario (Lai 95).**


 * Lai, Chuen. //Chinatowns towns within cities in Canada//. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1988. Print.**

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 * Before this area became Chinatown, it was a low-density residential area with nineteenth-century houses (Lai 164). Now, Spadina and Dundas are largely commercial.**


 * Lai, Chuen. //Chinatowns towns within cities in Canada//. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1988. Print**.

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 * Before the area became Chinatown in the late 1950s, Spadina and Dundas used to be home to the Jewish community (Lai 164). At present, there are no traces of the area's Jewish heritage.**


 * Lai, Chuen. //Chinatowns towns within cities in Canada//. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1988. Print.**

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 * Service and retail businesses, like restaurants, grocery stores, and beauty parlours, occupy most Chinatown commercial spaces (Lai 164). We found that there were a higher concentration of these businesses in Chinatown than in the rest of Toronto.**


 * Lai, Chuen. //Chinatowns towns within cities in Canada//. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1988. Print.**

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 * Richard H. Thompson wrote in his book Toronto's Chinatown that Chinatown has an "ethnic economy" reliant on Chinese immigrant labour (Thompson 221). While we weren't able to find out if workers were immigrants, most of the workers we saw were Chinese.**


 * Thompson, Richard H. //Toronto's Chinatown: the changing social organization of an ethnic community//. New York: AMS Press, 1989. Print.**

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 * Richard H. Thompson notes that there are two requirements for finding employment at any Chinatown establishment: 1) You must speak Chinese. 2) You must have a Chinese background (Thompson 221). Nearly every worker we saw was Chinese and spoke Chinese to customers.**


 * Thompson, Richard H. //Toronto's Chinatown: the changing social organization of an ethnic community//. New York: AMS Press, 1989. Print.**

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 * According to the Metropolitan Toronto Chinese Business Directory of 1976, the number of businesses that sell retail and wholesale food products outnumbers the total number of other businesses by a ratio of nearly 2 to 1 (Thompson 224). From our observations, this has not changed; there are a large number of restaurants and grocery stores in Chinatown compared to other businesses.**


 * Thompson, Richard H. //Toronto's Chinatown: the changing social organization of an ethnic community//. New York: AMS Press, 1989. Print.**